| 1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. |
Overview of charging levels |
| 1.2. |
EV charging ecosystem |
| 1.3. |
EV charging experiencing continued growth |
| 1.4. |
Six key market trends in EV charging |
| 1.5. |
General points about the EV charging market |
| 1.6. |
DC fast charging levels |
| 1.7. |
Cost per kW of installing chargers varies |
| 1.8. |
Public charging pain points still exist |
| 1.9. |
Charging is complex, especially at scale |
| 1.10. |
Delays in DCFC deployment due to utility-side upgrades and supply-chain constraints |
| 1.11. |
Generation landscape – off-grid operation |
| 1.12. |
Comparison of off-grid charging technologies |
| 1.13. |
Megawatt charging: a new segment of high-power DC fast charging |
| 1.14. |
Destination DC charging: a new product class for EVSE manufacturers |
| 1.15. |
Site architecture: distributed vs all-in-one solutions |
| 1.16. |
SiC enables future EV charging power trends |
| 1.17. |
Alternate charging strategies emerging |
| 1.18. |
Evaluation of different charging strategies |
| 1.19. |
Outlook for EV Charging Technologies |
| 1.20. |
The landscape for charging infrastructure is getting competitive |
| 1.21. |
IDTechEx EV charging leaderboard |
| 1.22. |
AC/DC V2G system SWOT analysis |
| 1.23. |
List of BEVs capable of V2X |
| 1.24. |
Share of V2X-capable vs. unidirectional EV sales |
| 1.25. |
Why V2H will drive V2X adoption |
| 1.26. |
Cost of V2H system still not attractive |
| 1.27. |
Global charging infrastructure installations |
| 1.28. |
Total car and fleet charging outlets in-use 2015-2035 |
| 1.29. |
New charging installations by power class 2015-2035 |
| 1.30. |
Level 2 AC charging speeds are on the rise |
| 1.31. |
Level 3 DC fast charging power envelope pushing further |
| 1.32. |
Total charging installations by region 2015-2035 |
| 1.33. |
EV charging market: a US$104 billion market by 2035 |
| 2. |
INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. |
Charging levels |
| 2.2. |
Charging modes |
| 2.3. |
Basics of electric vehicle charging mechanisms |
| 2.4. |
How long does it take to charge an electric vehicle? |
| 2.5. |
Factors that affect charging speed |
| 2.6. |
The trend towards DC fast charging |
| 2.7. |
Charging methods |
| 2.8. |
Charging infrastructure coverage and demand |
| 2.9. |
Number of public chargers required for plug-in EVs? |
| 2.10. |
Private versus public charging |
| 2.11. |
Charger infrastructure terminology |
| 2.12. |
Market trends in EV charging (1) |
| 2.13. |
Market trends in EV charging (2) |
| 2.14. |
Market trends in EV charging (3) |
| 2.15. |
Market trends in EV charging (4) |
| 2.16. |
Market trends in EV charging (5) |
| 3. |
CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE BY REGION |
| 3.1.1. |
Global charging infrastructure installations |
| 3.2. |
Charging Infrastructure by Region – U.S. |
| 3.2.1. |
Growth of EV charging infrastructure in US |
| 3.2.2. |
The state of public charging stations in US (I) |
| 3.2.3. |
The state of public charging stations in US (II) |
| 3.2.4. |
Growth of public DC fast chargers in US |
| 3.2.5. |
NACS to become the dominant connector type in US |
| 3.2.6. |
US DC fast charger market challenges |
| 3.2.7. |
Private and public charging penetration in US |
| 3.2.8. |
EV charging utilisation trends in US |
| 3.3. |
Charging Infrastructure by Region – Europe |
| 3.3.1. |
Key takeaways for Europe |
| 3.3.2. |
The state of EV charging infrastructure in Europe |
| 3.3.3. |
Growth of EV charging infrastructure in EU |
| 3.3.4. |
Segmentation of public chargers in EU by power |
| 3.3.5. |
AC/DC split by EU country |
| 3.3.6. |
EU charging infrastructure rollout lagging |
| 3.3.7. |
Policy for EV charging Infrastructure in EU |
| 3.3.8. |
Some countries need to significantly over comply with their AFIR targets |
| 3.3.9. |
Private and public charging penetration in Europe |
| 3.4. |
Charging Infrastructure by Region – China |
| 3.4.1. |
The status of public charging in China |
| 3.4.2. |
Public charging rollout in China keeping up the pace with EV sales |
| 3.4.3. |
Public charging installations in China by province and municipalities |
| 3.4.4. |
China utilisation numbers are low |
| 3.4.5. |
Private and public charging penetration in China |
| 4. |
CHARGING CONNECTOR STANDARDS |
| 4.1.1. |
Overview of EV charging connector standards |
| 4.1.2. |
EV charging infrastructure standard organizations |
| 4.1.3. |
Key standards involved in EV charging |
| 4.1.4. |
EV charging infrastructure standards: ISO/IEC |
| 4.1.5. |
EV charging infrastructure standards: SAE |
| 4.1.6. |
DC charging standard: CCS |
| 4.1.7. |
DC charging standard: CHAdeMO |
| 4.1.8. |
EV charging infrastructure standard in China: GB |
| 4.1.9. |
Why EV connectors will not use household outlets |
| 4.1.10. |
Types of EV charging plugs (I) |
| 4.1.11. |
Types of EV charging plugs (II) |
| 4.1.12. |
EV charging systems comparison |
| 4.1.13. |
Summary of charging levels and regional standards |
| 4.1.14. |
Connector types summary |
| 4.1.15. |
Overview of EV charging standards by region |
| 4.2. |
Harmonisation of Charging Connector Standards |
| 4.2.1. |
The dilemma of charging connectors |
| 4.2.2. |
Choosing the right connector |
| 4.2.3. |
Migration of US automakers to Tesla’s connector |
| 4.2.4. |
Competition for global acceptance |
| 4.2.5. |
NACS construction |
| 4.2.6. |
Tesla NACS vs CCS |
| 4.2.7. |
NACS AC and DC pin sharing |
| 4.2.8. |
Tesla cable thermal management |
| 4.2.9. |
NACS drivers |
| 4.2.10. |
Charging hardware suppliers and CPOs adopting NACS in North America |
| 4.2.11. |
ChaoJi (CHAdeMO 3.0) and the current charging standards |
| 4.2.12. |
China approves new DC charging standard ChaoJi-1 |
| 4.2.13. |
Achieving harmonisation of standards |
| 4.2.14. |
Harmonisation of standards will be key |
| 4.3. |
Communication Protocols |
| 4.3.1. |
What are communication protocols? |
| 4.3.2. |
Communication protocols and standards |
| 4.3.3. |
Communication systems for EV charging |
| 4.3.4. |
Communication interfaces (I) |
| 4.3.5. |
Communication interfaces (II) |
| 4.3.6. |
Types of communication protocols |
| 4.3.7. |
Overview: OCPP versions and benefits |
| 4.4. |
Plug and Charge |
| 4.4.1. |
The next big step in EV fast charging is Plug and Charge |
| 4.4.2. |
What is Plug and Charge? What are the benefits? |
| 4.4.3. |
How does Plug and Charge work? (I) |
| 4.4.4. |
How does Plug and Charge work? (II) |
| 4.4.5. |
Public key infrastructure is the basis of Plug and Charge |
| 4.4.6. |
Functionalities enabled by ISO 15118 |
| 4.4.7. |
Plug and charge aims to be more customer centric than the Tesla ecosystem |
| 4.4.8. |
Ramp up phase 2018-2022 |
| 4.4.9. |
State of Plug and Charge deployment in 2024 |
| 4.4.10. |
Plug and Charge SWOT |
| 5. |
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY TECHNOLOGIES |
| 5.1. |
Overview of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure |
| 5.1.1. |
EV charging infrastructure: technology overview |
| 5.1.2. |
Different types of EV charging infrastructure |
| 5.1.3. |
Architecture of EV charging infrastructure |
| 5.1.4. |
EV charging technologies by application |
| 5.2. |
Conductive Charging |
| 5.2.1. |
Conductive charging technologies by application |
| 5.2.2. |
AC charging versus DC charging (I) |
| 5.2.3. |
AC charging versus DC charging (II) |
| 5.2.4. |
Electric vehicle on-board charger (OBC) |
| 5.2.5. |
Types of OBC |
| 5.2.6. |
Working of an OBC |
| 5.2.7. |
Role of the OBC |
| 5.2.8. |
EV OEM onboard charger examples |
| 5.2.9. |
Conductive charging at Level 1 |
| 5.2.10. |
Conductive charging at Level 2 |
| 5.2.11. |
Conductive charging at Level 3 |
| 5.2.12. |
Summary of charging levels |
| 5.2.13. |
Behind the plug: what’s in a charging station? |
| 5.2.14. |
EV Charger Components |
| 5.2.15. |
Residential charging |
| 5.2.16. |
Workplace charging – an essential complement to residential charging |
| 5.2.17. |
How workplace charging can help alleviate grid pressure |
| 5.2.18. |
Destination DC charging |
| 5.2.19. |
List of destination/residential DC chargers |
| 5.2.20. |
Applications for destination DC chargers |
| 5.2.21. |
Benchmarking destination DC chargers (1) |
| 5.2.22. |
Benchmarking destination DC chargers (2) |
| 5.2.23. |
Auto OEMs to remove OBCs if destination DC chargers installed? |
| 5.2.24. |
Outlook for destination DC chargers |
| 5.3. |
High Power Conductive Charging |
| 5.3.1. |
Current charging needs |
| 5.3.2. |
CHAdeMO is preparing for 900 kW high power charging |
| 5.3.3. |
Is 350 kW needed? |
| 5.3.4. |
High power charging is the new premium charging solution |
| 5.3.5. |
Benefits of high power charging |
| 5.3.6. |
High power charging infrastructure |
| 5.3.7. |
HPC Units by various manufacturers |
| 5.3.8. |
High output chargers require significant power capacity |
| 5.3.9. |
800 V architecture for EVs |
| 5.3.10. |
Borg Warner: effects on charging when increasing system voltage beyond 800 V (1) |
| 5.3.11. |
Borg Warner: effects on charging when increasing system voltage beyond 800 V (2) |
| 5.3.12. |
Megawatt charging impacts on commercial vehicle system voltage |
| 5.3.13. |
Preh – charging technology for 800V EVs |
| 5.3.14. |
Charging 800V battery: market solutions |
| 5.3.15. |
Technical specification of HPCs by equipment manufacturer |
| 5.3.16. |
Do HPCs require a large installation footprint? |
| 5.3.17. |
Solving the installation issue |
| 5.3.18. |
Commercial charger benchmark: power and voltage levels |
| 5.3.19. |
Commercial charger benchmark: voltage and current levels |
| 5.3.20. |
Commercial charger benchmark: cooling technology |
| 5.3.21. |
Site architecture: distributed vs all-in-one solutions |
| 5.3.22. |
Advantages & disadvantages of all-in-one systems |
| 5.3.23. |
Advantages & disadvantages of distributed systems |
| 5.3.24. |
Commercial charger benchmark: all-in-one units (1) |
| 5.3.25. |
Commercial charger benchmark: all-in-one units (2) |
| 5.3.26. |
Commercial charger benchmark: all-in-one units (3) |
| 5.3.27. |
Estimated total cost of ownership |
| 5.3.28. |
Challenges for high power charging |
| 5.3.29. |
Impacts of fast charging on battery lifespan |
| 5.3.30. |
Efforts to improve fast charging performance |
| 5.3.31. |
Why preheat batteries? |
| 5.3.32. |
Intelligent battery management to enable fast charging |
| 5.3.33. |
Thermal management strategies in HPC |
| 5.3.34. |
EV charging cables |
| 5.3.35. |
Cable cooling to achieve high power charging |
| 5.3.36. |
Air-cooled vs liquid-cooled DC charging cables |
| 5.3.37. |
Liquid phase change cooled cables and connectors |
| 5.3.38. |
Phoenix Contact – Liquid Cooling for Fast Charging |
| 5.3.39. |
Brugg eConnect cooling units |
| 5.3.40. |
TE Connectivity – Thermal Management Opportunities (I) |
| 5.3.41. |
TE Connectivity – Thermal Management Opportunities (II) |
| 5.3.42. |
CPC – Liquid Cooling for EV Charging (I) |
| 5.3.43. |
CPC – Liquid Cooling for EV Charging (II) |
| 5.3.44. |
Tesla liquid-cooled connector for ultra fast charging |
| 5.3.45. |
Tesla adopts liquid-cooled cable for its Supercharger |
| 5.3.46. |
ITT Cannon’s liquid-cooled HPC solution |
| 5.3.47. |
Umicore: materials for high voltage EV charging |
| 5.3.48. |
Umicore: silver graphite composite plating |
| 5.3.49. |
Umicore vs. TE Connectivity: silver plated contacts |
| 5.3.50. |
Modularity |
| 5.3.51. |
Power modules for HPCs |
| 5.3.52. |
Power module market trends (1) |
| 5.3.53. |
Power module market trends (2) |
| 5.3.54. |
Chinese power module manufacturers |
| 5.3.55. |
Why SiC: SiC enables typically about 2% efficiency gain in DC EV charger applications compared to Si-based solutions |
| 5.3.56. |
SiC enables future EV charging power trends |
| 5.3.57. |
PCB dip coating vs. potting for power modules |
| 5.3.58. |
High power charging roadmap |
| 5.3.59. |
High power charging SWOT |
| 5.3.60. |
Public charger reliability and uptime |
| 5.3.61. |
Common causes of public charger outages |
| 5.3.62. |
The cost of maintenance |
| 5.3.63. |
Strategies for maintaining charger uptimes |
| 5.4. |
Megawatt charging |
| 5.4.1. |
Megawatt Charging System (MCS) announcement |
| 5.4.2. |
Why megawatt charging is important |
| 5.4.3. |
MCS Specifications and Comparison |
| 5.4.4. |
MCS Power levels |
| 5.4.5. |
MCS Charging connector |
| 5.4.6. |
Challenges in Implementing MCS |
| 5.4.7. |
MCS Player Landscape |
| 5.4.8. |
MW charging announcements |
| 5.4.9. |
List of MW charging projects |
| 5.4.10. |
Milence |
| 5.4.11. |
Megawatt charging in China |
| 5.4.12. |
Tesla MW charging |
| 5.4.13. |
Tesla proprietary plug…again? |
| 5.4.14. |
Tesla high power charging solutions |
| 5.4.15. |
Charge America (WattEV) |
| 5.4.16. |
Charge America Product Roadmap |
| 5.4.17. |
Kempower |
| 5.4.18. |
Zerova |
| 5.4.19. |
Power Electronics |
| 5.4.20. |
ChargePoint |
| 5.4.21. |
Other Companies Working On MCS Product |
| 5.4.22. |
Grid impacts of MW charging |
| 5.4.23. |
MW charging market rollout is around the corner |
| 5.4.24. |
MW charging summary |
| 5.4.25. |
Megawatt class chargers forecast |
| 5.5. |
Innovations in Conductive Charging |
| 5.5.1. |
Innovative charging solutions overview |
| 5.5.2. |
Traction integrated on-board charging |
| 5.5.3. |
Visual representation: status quo vs integrated charging |
| 5.5.4. |
Benefits and implications of traction iOBC |
| 5.5.5. |
Historic traction integrated charging examples |
| 5.5.6. |
BYD and Hitachi solutions |
| 5.5.7. |
Passenger vehicle examples (1) |
| 5.5.8. |
Passenger vehicle examples (2) |
| 5.5.9. |
Traction integrated OBCs going mainstream |
| 5.5.10. |
Traction iOBC suppliers |
| 5.5.11. |
DOE funding highlights traction integrated charging |
| 5.5.12. |
Traction integrated OBCs summary |
| 5.5.13. |
Off-grid electric vehicle charging |
| 5.5.14. |
Off-grid charging, why it is necessary |
| 5.5.15. |
Off-Grid – Two Main Motivators |
| 5.5.16. |
Off-Grid vs Grid-Tied Charging |
| 5.5.17. |
Generation landscape – off-grid operation |
| 5.5.18. |
Comparison of off-grid charging technologies |
| 5.5.19. |
Comparison Benchmarking – Installation Area vs Peak Power Output |
| 5.5.20. |
Off-grid charging market landscape – technological overview |
| 5.5.21. |
The attraction of fuel cell generators |
| 5.5.22. |
Hydrogen EV generator – scalable |
| 5.5.23. |
Off-grid charging market dominated by hydrogen in 2034 |
| 5.5.24. |
Linear generators: suppliers finding new markets in infrastructure gaps for EVs |
| 5.5.25. |
Hyliion Karno Generator |
| 5.5.26. |
Mainspring Linear Generator |
| 5.5.27. |
Mobile charging – a new business model for electric vehicle charging |
| 5.5.28. |
Modular mobile charger by SparkCharge |
| 5.5.29. |
Mobile charging station installed in cargo vans |
| 5.5.30. |
Power Mobile charging service by NIOPower |
| 5.5.31. |
Challenges and limitations of battery powered mobile chargers |
| 5.5.32. |
Grid connected mobile DC fast chargers |
| 5.5.33. |
The case for portable DC chargers |
| 5.5.34. |
List of mobile DC fast chargers |
| 5.5.35. |
Technical specifications of mobile DC fast chargers |
| 5.5.36. |
Benchmarking mobile DC fast chargers |
| 5.5.37. |
Pathways for installing DC fast charging stations |
| 5.5.38. |
Why do we need battery integrated charging infrastructure? |
| 5.5.39. |
Charging without a grid connection – the launch of Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) |
| 5.5.40. |
How battery integrated EV charging works |
| 5.5.41. |
Jolt – MerlinOne |
| 5.5.42. |
E.ON – Drive Booster |
| 5.5.43. |
FEV – Mobile Fast Charging (MFC) solution |
| 5.5.44. |
FreeWire – Boost Charger |
| 5.5.45. |
FreeWire facing strong headwinds |
| 5.5.46. |
Benchmarking battery buffered EV fast chargers |
| 5.5.47. |
Summary of battery buffered EV charging projects |
| 5.5.48. |
How will autonomous EVs refuel? |
| 5.5.49. |
Autonomous charging of electric vehicles with robotics |
| 5.5.50. |
Autonomous charging of electric vehicles with robotics: how it works |
| 5.5.51. |
Autonomous charging: historic conductive robotic charging solutions |
| 5.5.52. |
VW’s mobile charging robots |
| 5.5.53. |
Electrify America to deploy robotic chargers |
| 5.5.54. |
Easelink’s autonomous conductive charging system |
| 5.5.55. |
Volterio |
| 5.5.56. |
Hyundai automatic charging robot |
| 5.5.57. |
Ford robotic charging prototype |
| 5.5.58. |
NaaS automatic charging robot |
| 5.5.59. |
Automatic Charging at EVS35 |
| 5.5.60. |
ROCIN-ECO, a robotic charging consortium |
| 5.6. |
Wireless Charging |
| 5.6.1. |
Introduction to wireless charging for EVs |
| 5.6.2. |
Resonant inductive coupling – the principle behind wireless EV charging |
| 5.6.3. |
Wireless charging will use magnetic as opposed to electric fields |
| 5.6.4. |
Enabling componentry |
| 5.6.5. |
Wireless charging addressable markets |
| 5.6.6. |
Wireless charging overview |
| 5.6.7. |
Benchmarking wireless coil designs |
| 5.6.8. |
Key points about different coil topologies |
| 5.6.9. |
Commercially deployed wireless chargers |
| 5.6.10. |
OEMs with wireless charging pilot projects |
| 5.6.11. |
Wireless charging trials are underway |
| 5.6.12. |
Wireless charging players overview |
| 5.6.13. |
Wireless charging player benchmarking |
| 5.6.14. |
Cabled-chargers are not on their way out |
| 5.6.15. |
Componentry cost and volumes |
| 5.6.16. |
Wireless vs plug-in TCO analysis |
| 5.6.17. |
Dynamic wireless charging remains experimental |
| 5.6.18. |
Dynamic charging trials underway |
| 5.6.19. |
Wireless charging aids V2G and battery downsizing |
| 5.6.20. |
Wireless charging SWOT analysis |
| 5.6.21. |
Wireless charging units by vehicle segment 2021-2033 |
| 5.6.22. |
Wireless charging for EVs: conclusions |
| 5.7. |
Battery Swapping |
| 5.7.1. |
Battery swapping: charge it or change it? |
| 5.7.2. |
There are many ways to charge your EV – charging modes comparison |
| 5.7.3. |
Swap-capable EVs entering the market |
| 5.7.4. |
Battery swapping pathways for different types of EVs |
| 5.7.5. |
Car swapping process overview |
| 5.7.6. |
Battery swapping market for cars in China is getting competitive |
| 5.7.7. |
Swapping is more expensive than AC or DC charging |
| 5.7.8. |
Swapping station deployment will rise over the next 5 years |
| 5.7.9. |
Battery as a Service (BaaS) business model – a disintegrated approach |
| 5.7.10. |
Two and three-wheelers use small capacity, self-service swap models |
| 5.7.11. |
Two wheeler battery swapping is successfully being carried out in population-dense regions of APAC |
| 5.7.12. |
Commercial heavy duty battery swapping is in its early stages |
| 5.7.13. |
The Rise of Battery Swapping in Chinese Trucks |
| 5.7.14. |
The Swapping Ecosystem |
| 5.7.15. |
Heavy Duty Battery Swapping Players |
| 5.7.16. |
Chinese swapping players overview (car market) |
| 5.7.17. |
BSS deployment on the rise |
| 5.7.18. |
Nio leading the battery swapping race |
| 5.7.19. |
Nio swapping technology in its third iteration |
| 5.7.20. |
CATL EVOGO showing slow uptake |
| 5.7.21. |
Aulton expansion as taxis electrify |
| 5.7.22. |
Battery swapping benefits and scepticism |
| 5.7.23. |
Battery swapping SWOT analysis |
| 5.7.24. |
Global cumulative swap station deployment by segment 2021-2032 |
| 5.7.25. |
Battery swapping for EVs: conclusions |
| 5.8. |
Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Fleets |
| 5.8.1. |
The rising demand for fleet charging |
| 5.8.2. |
What is driving fleet electrification? |
| 5.8.3. |
The rising population of electric vehicle fleets |
| 5.8.4. |
Charging infrastructure for electric buses |
| 5.8.5. |
Charging electric buses: depot versus opportunity charging |
| 5.8.6. |
Type of fleet charging depends on use case and vehicle class |
| 5.8.7. |
Heliox: public transport and heavy-duty vehicle charging |
| 5.8.8. |
Heliox’s 13 MW charging network for electric buses |
| 5.8.9. |
SprintCharge: battery-buffered opportunity charging for electric buses |
| 5.8.10. |
ABB’s smart depot charging solution for large fleets |
| 5.8.11. |
ABB: opportunity charging for electric buses |
| 5.8.12. |
Siemens: electric bus and truck charging infrastructure |
| 5.8.13. |
Siemens autonomous charging system |
| 5.8.14. |
Greenlane: Daimler lead public charging network |
| 5.8.15. |
Case study: wireless charging for electric bus fleets |
| 5.8.16. |
WAVE – wireless charging for electric buses |
| 5.8.17. |
WAVE wireless charging impact on vehicle cost |
| 5.8.18. |
Data center strategies for powering high-capacity EV charging stations (1) |
| 5.8.19. |
Data center strategies for powering high-capacity EV charging stations (2) |
| 5.8.20. |
Summary of commercial electric fleet wired DC charging options |
| 5.8.21. |
Charging solutions for heavy duty fleet: high level findings |
| 5.8.22. |
Outlook for EV Charging Technologies |
| 5.9. |
Electric Road Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging |
| 5.9.1. |
Types of electric road systems |
| 5.9.2. |
Electric road systems: conductive versus inductive |
| 5.9.3. |
Configuration of ERS infrastructure |
| 5.9.4. |
Benefits of ERS |
| 5.9.5. |
Electric road systems: Korea |
| 5.9.6. |
Electric road systems: Sweden |
| 5.9.7. |
Germany tests its first electric highway for trucks |
| 5.9.8. |
Real world testing |
| 5.9.9. |
Electric road systems: market and challenges |
| 6. |
KEY MARKET PLAYERS |
| 6.1. |
Market players summary |
| 6.2. |
Charging infrastructure market is ripe for consolidation |
| 6.3. |
IDTechEx EV charging leaderboard |
| 6.4. |
ABB |
| 6.5. |
ABB’s heavy commercial vehicle charging product portfolio |
| 6.6. |
ABB A400 all-in-one DC fast charger |
| 6.7. |
Alpitronic |
| 6.8. |
Bosch Mobility Solutions |
| 6.9. |
Bosch does away with the “charging brick” |
| 6.10. |
BP Pulse |
| 6.11. |
ChargePoint |
| 6.12. |
ChargePoint product series |
| 6.13. |
ChargePoint financials |
| 6.14. |
DBT-CEV |
| 6.15. |
Eaton |
| 6.16. |
Efacec |
| 6.17. |
Electrify America |
| 6.18. |
Electrify America charger utilisation up |
| 6.19. |
Ekoenergetyka |
| 6.20. |
EVBox |
| 6.21. |
EVgo |
| 6.22. |
Flo |
| 6.23. |
Huawei Digital Power Technology |
| 6.24. |
Ionity |
| 6.25. |
Ionity insights on lead time and growth rate per country |
| 6.26. |
IONITY supply chain |
| 6.27. |
Ionna |
| 6.28. |
Kempower |
| 6.29. |
Pod Point |
| 6.30. |
StarCharge |
| 6.31. |
StarCharge US expansion |
| 6.32. |
TELD |
| 6.33. |
Tesla supercharging network |
| 6.34. |
Improvements in per kWh cost of charging |
| 6.35. |
Supercharger manufacturing |
| 6.36. |
Tesla pre-fabricated supercharger units (PSUs) |
| 6.37. |
Tesla Supercharger layoffs sends ripples across the industry |
| 6.38. |
Tesla hints at wireless charging |
| 6.39. |
Tritium |
| 6.40. |
Tritium acquisition – Exicom |
| 6.41. |
Wallbox |
| 6.42. |
Webasto |
| 6.43. |
Manufacturers by region |
| 6.44. |
OEMs building own charging hardware |
| 7. |
VALUE CHAIN AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING |
| 7.1.1. |
The emergence of electric vehicle charging value chain |
| 7.1.2. |
The electric vehicle charging value chain |
| 7.1.3. |
Entering the high power charging value chain |
| 7.1.4. |
Key market players along the EV charging value chain |
| 7.1.5. |
Barriers to entry for commercial charging |
| 7.1.6. |
Chargepoint operators (CPO) / charging network operators |
| 7.1.7. |
Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: China |
| 7.1.8. |
Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: Europe |
| 7.1.9. |
USA market shares; Tesla leads DCFC |
| 7.1.10. |
EV charging billing models |
| 7.1.11. |
Supply chain |
| 7.1.12. |
US building up domestic manufacturing base for EV charging |
| 7.1.13. |
The electric vehicle charging value chain |
| 7.1.14. |
Business models of charging network operators |
| 7.1.15. |
Current business models |
| 7.1.16. |
Future business models and revenue streams |
| 7.2. |
Smart Charging and V2X |
| 7.2.1. |
Smart charging: A (load) balancing act |
| 7.2.2. |
Emerging business models for new services: V2X |
| 7.2.3. |
Technology behind V2X |
| 7.2.4. |
Different forms of V2G |
| 7.2.5. |
AC/DC V2G system SWOT analysis (1) |
| 7.2.6. |
AC/DC V2G system SWOT analysis (2) |
| 7.2.7. |
List of BEVs capable of V2X |
| 7.2.8. |
Share of V2X-capable vs. unidirectional EV sales |
| 7.2.9. |
Key challenges in V2X adoption |
| 7.2.10. |
Why V2H will drive V2X adoption |
| 7.2.11. |
V2X global market insights |
| 7.2.12. |
Cost of V2H system still not attractive |
| 7.2.13. |
V2G: Nuvve |
| 7.2.14. |
The V2G architecture |
| 7.2.15. |
Nuvve targets electric school buses for V2G |
| 7.2.16. |
V2G: OVO Energy |
| 7.2.17. |
Nissan “Energy Share” V2X solutions |
| 7.2.18. |
V2G: Keysight Technologies |
| 7.2.19. |
V2G accelerates battery degradation? |
| 7.2.20. |
V2G can extend the longevity of the electric vehicle battery |
| 7.2.21. |
V2G projects by type of service |
| 7.2.22. |
V2G projects by vehicle and EVSE manufacturers |
| 7.2.23. |
Summary of smart charging and V2X implementations |
| 8. |
FORECASTS |
| 8.1. |
Forecast methodology |
| 8.2. |
Forecast assumptions (I) |
| 8.3. |
Global plug-in electric vehicles in-use 2015-2035 |
| 8.4. |
Total car and fleet charging outlets in-use 2015-2035 |
| 8.5. |
New car and fleet charging outlets installed 2015-2035 |
| 8.6. |
New charging installations by power class 2015-2035 |
| 8.7. |
Total public charging installations in China (AC & DC) |
| 8.8. |
Total public charging installations in Europe (AC & DC) |
| 8.9. |
Total public charging installations in US (AC & DC) |
| 8.10. |
AC charging installations by power split |
| 8.11. |
DC charging installations by power split |
| 8.12. |
EV charging market value 2015-2035 ($ billion) |
| 8.13. |
Total charging installations by region 2015-2035 |
| 8.14. |
New charging installations by region 2015-2034 |
| 8.15. |
Total public charging installations in Europe by country 2015-2035 |
| 8.16. |
Total private charging installations in Europe by country 2015-2035 |
| 9. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. |
Tritium |
| 9.2. |
Charge America |
| 9.3. |
Staubli |
| 9.4. |
Akkodis |
| 9.5. |
ADS-TEC Energy |
| 9.6. |
Rocysys |
| 9.7. |
Technotrans |
| 9.8. |
WiPowerOne |
| 9.9. |
Elywhere |
| 9.10. |
AddEnergie (Flo) |
| 9.11. |
ChargePoint |
| 9.12. |
Electrify America |
| 9.13. |
Unico Power |
| 9.14. |
Nio |
| 9.15. |
Nuvve |
| 9.16. |
Mer |
| 9.17. |
Driivz |
| 9.18. |
Easelink |
| 9.19. |
WiTricity |
| 9.20. |
FreeWire |
| 9.21. |
InductEV |
